[7] The low, flat summits of the volcano allowed the low-viscosity lava to flow for large distances from the source vents.

[9] On the eastern and western sides of the island, tuff cones, formed from the rapid interaction of hot lava and water, are visible.

"[13] On the plants and vegetation, Darwin observed, "As in the other islands, the lower region was covered by nearly leafless bushes, but the trees were here of larger growth than elsewhere.

Land iguanas were sourced from North Seymour Island, where they were introduced in the 1930s and have increased to over 5,000 and faced a lack of food availability.

Charles Darwin was the second-last person to record land iguanas alive on Santiago Island in 1835, with Abel-Nicolas Bergasse du Petit-Thouars being the last in 1838.