[1] The Chinese term translated into English as "Red Guard" -- hongwei bing -- was a new, non-standard phrase coined by the radical students.
[5] These Scarlet Guard groups existed for a relatively short period:[2] at the October 1966 Central Work Conference convened by Mao, their activities were denounced as examples of the "bourgeois reactionary line" (资产阶级反动路线; zichanjieji fandong luxian).
[8] When their demands were refused, delegates attempted to travel by train to Beijing to meet with the Central Group of the Cultural Revolution but were stopped by the authorities.
[8] The impasse ultimately was broken with a negotiated solution that recognized the Workers General Headquarters but required the group to address its grievances locally in Shanghai.
[9] By mid-December 1966, Shanghai was largely divided between the Workers General Headquarters and the Scarlet Guards, who sought to maintain the pre-Cultural Revolution political order.