Oskar Xavier Schlömilch (13 April 1823 – 7 February 1901) was a German mathematician, born in Weimar, working in mathematical analysis.

He took a doctorate at the University of Jena in 1842, and became a professor at Dresden Polytechnic in 1849.

He was also an important textbook writer, and editor of the journal Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, of which he was a founder in 1856.

He published in 1868 for the first time the dissection paradox, earlier invented by Sam Loyd.

In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.