In physics, the Schrödinger picture or Schrödinger representation is a formulation of quantum mechanics in which the state vectors evolve in time, but the operators (observables and others) are mostly constant with respect to time (an exception is the Hamiltonian which may change if the potential
[1][2] This differs from the Heisenberg picture which keeps the states constant while the observables evolve in time, and from the interaction picture in which both the states and the observables evolve in time.
The Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures are related as active and passive transformations and commutation relations between operators are preserved in the passage between the two pictures.
In the Schrödinger picture, the state of a system evolves with time.
The evolution for a closed quantum system is brought about by a unitary operator, the time evolution operator.
For time evolution from a state vector
at time t0 to a state vector
at time t, the time-evolution operator is commonly written
, and one has In the case where the Hamiltonian H of the system does not vary with time, the time-evolution operator has the form where the exponent is evaluated via its Taylor series.
The Schrödinger picture is useful when dealing with a time-independent Hamiltonian H; that is,
In elementary quantum mechanics, the state of a quantum-mechanical system is represented by a complex-valued wavefunction ψ(x, t).
This ket is an element of a Hilbert space, a vector space containing all possible states of the system.
A quantum-mechanical operator is a function which takes a ket
The differences between the Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures of quantum mechanics revolve around how to deal with systems that evolve in time: the time-dependent nature of the system must be carried by some combination of the state vectors and the operators.
For example, a quantum harmonic oscillator may be in a state
, oscillates sinusoidally in time.
One can then ask whether this sinusoidal oscillation should be reflected in the state vector
The time-evolution operator U(t, t0) is defined as the operator which acts on the ket at time t0 to produce the ket at some other time t:
We drop the t0 index in the time evolution operator with the convention that t0 = 0 and write it as U(t).
Now using the time-evolution operator U to write
is a constant ket (the state ket at t = 0), and since the above equation is true for any constant ket in the Hilbert space, the time evolution operator must obey the equation
If the Hamiltonian is independent of time, the solution to the above equation is[note 1]
Since H is an operator, this exponential expression is to be evaluated via its Taylor series:
However, if the initial ket is an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian, with eigenvalue E:
The eigenstates of the Hamiltonian are stationary states: they only pick up an overall phase factor as they evolve with time.
If the Hamiltonian is dependent on time, but the Hamiltonians at different times commute, then the time evolution operator can be written as
If the Hamiltonian is dependent on time, but the Hamiltonians at different times do not commute, then the time evolution operator can be written as
where T is time-ordering operator, which is sometimes known as the Dyson series, after Freeman Dyson.
The alternative to the Schrödinger picture is to switch to a rotating reference frame, which is itself being rotated by the propagator.
Since the undulatory rotation is now being assumed by the reference frame itself, an undisturbed state function appears to be truly static.