In discrete mathematics, Schur's theorem is any of several theorems of the mathematician Issai Schur.
In differential geometry, Schur's theorem is a theorem of Axel Schur.
In functional analysis, Schur's theorem is often called Schur's property, also due to Issai Schur.
In Ramsey theory, Schur's theorem states that for any partition of the positive integers into a finite number of parts, one of the parts contains three integers x, y, z with For every positive integer c, S(c) denotes the smallest number S such that for every partition of the integers
Schur's theorem ensures that S(c) is well-defined for every positive integer c. The numbers of the form S(c) are called Schur's numbers.
Folkman's theorem generalizes Schur's theorem by stating that there exist arbitrarily large sets of integers, all of whose nonempty sums belong to the same part.
Using this definition, the only known Schur numbers are S(n) = 2, 5, 14, 45, and 161 (OEIS: A030126) The proof that S(5) = 161 was announced in 2017 and required 2 petabytes of space.
[1][2] In combinatorics, Schur's theorem tells the number of ways for expressing a given number as a (non-negative, integer) linear combination of a fixed set of relatively prime numbers.
, the number of different multiples of non-negative integer numbers
goes to infinity is: As a result, for every set of relatively prime numbers
there exists a value of
such that every larger number is representable as a linear combination of
This consequence of the theorem can be recast in a familiar context considering the problem of changing an amount using a set of coins.
If the denominations of the coins are relatively prime numbers (such as 2 and 5) then any sufficiently large amount can be changed using only these coins.
(See Coin problem.)
In differential geometry, Schur's theorem compares the distance between the endpoints of a space curve
to the distance between the endpoints of a corresponding plane curve
is a plane curve with curvature
which makes a convex curve when closed by the chord connecting its endpoints, and
is a curve of the same length with curvature
denote the distance between the endpoints of
denote the distance between the endpoints of
Schur's theorem is usually stated for
curves, but John M. Sullivan has observed that Schur's theorem applies to curves of finite total curvature (the statement is slightly different).
In linear algebra, Schur’s theorem is referred to as either the triangularization of a square matrix with complex entries, or of a square matrix with real entries and real eigenvalues.
In functional analysis and the study of Banach spaces, Schur's theorem, due to I. Schur, often refers to Schur's property, that for certain spaces, weak convergence implies convergence in the norm.
In number theory, Issai Schur showed in 1912 that for every nonconstant polynomial p(x) with integer coefficients, if S is the set of all nonzero values
, then the set of primes that divide some member of S is infinite.