Chelyuskin graduated from the Navigation School in Moscow.
[2] Chelyuskin was chosen for the Second (Great Northern) Kamchatka Expedition, in which he took part until 1743.
[3] He participated in expeditions, led by Vasily Pronchischev and Khariton Laptev.
In winter of 1741–1742, he traveled from Turukhansk to the mouth of the Khatanga River, describing the northern coastline of the Taimyr Peninsula from the Faddey Bay on the East to the mouth of the Taimyra River on the West.
[5] He was discharged from the Baltic Fleet in the rank of a captain in 1760.