The station was created on 31 May 1982 to preserve the Caatinga ecosystem, with a semi-arid climate and vegetation typical of the north eastern interior.

[2] The Seridó Ecological Station covers 1,163 hectares (2,870 acres) and is near to the city of Caicó.

[4] The climate is hot and semi-arid, with temperatures from 20 to 32 °C (68 to 90 °F) and average annual rainfall of 497 millimetres (19.6 in).

Vegetation is dry, sparse scrub, with isolated bushes and trees up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high.

[1] The Ecological Station is a "strict nature reserve" under IUCN protected area category Ia.