The shadow economy (Russian: Теневая экономика) is one of the most controversial aspects of Russia's economic history.
It should be taken into account that the concept of hidden and informal production in statistics differs from the indicators of the shadow economy used to calculate the taxable base (Russian: Налоговая база).
[3] The dynamics of the volumes of the shadow sector in the Russian economy is characterized by complex processes.
However, given that the country's GDP was declining, market demands were modest, and available technologies were extremely primitive, the share of the informal economy was easier to estimate.
In the 2000s, a massive exit of large capitals from the shadow began, which was associated with the rapid growth of the economy and its increasing openness.