[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Contrary to the expectations of the Iraqi government, Shia Kuwaitis founded an armed resistance movement during Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait (1990–91).
[16] The Kuwaiti resistance's casualty rate exceeded that of the coalition military forces and hostages.
[17] According to NGOs and human rights organisations, the Shia community face marginalisation in social, economic, and political fields, including "glass ceiling" discrimination in employment.
[18] Kuwaiti government policy, on paper, allegedly does not discriminate citizens on a sectarian basis.
[20] The International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims and United Nations criticized the Kuwaiti authorities' treatment of the so-called "Abdali Cell".