The Shiloh area was the scene of a notorious event on 8 July 1872 during the Pope County Militia War where it was alleged a sheriff's posse (militia) opened fire on four unarmed men in their custody, killing two.

[6][7][8][9][10] The four men had been arrested for suspicion of firing on and wounding deputy-sheriff John H. Williams after he returned home following a 4 July barbecue held by the radical faction of the Republican party, though it was believed by many that the evidence of the shooting and wounding was staged by the sheriff.

[11] On 25 June 1935, a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp was established east of Shiloh church.

While many CCC camps worked in forests and parks, the primary focus of Camp Shiloh, also known as Fort Shiloh, was soil conservation, performing work to remedy soil erosion.

[12] In the 1960s, prior to the filling of the new Lake Dardanelle, remains from four historical cemeteries—Shiloh, Williamson, and Smith in Pope County and Jetton and Reznor in Johnson County—were moved to a new cemetery named Shiloh-Williamson Memorial Cemetery near the original location of the Shiloh Cumberland Presbyterian Church.