[2] The main force under Angoulême pressed on to Madrid and then towards Seville, but these Liberal strongholds in otherwise royalist territory needed to be taken in order to secure lines of communication.

Spanish Royalist forces began to surround Pamplona then waited for the arrival of French regulars.

The French commander Marshal Jacques Lauriston[3] was preparing an infantry assault on the city when the white flag was raised.

The surrender of Cádiz on 23 September 1823 and the release of Ferdinand VII led to the end of the war the same month.

[4] The artist Carle Vernet produced a painting The Capture of Pamplona which he exhibited at the Salon of 1824 in Paris.