Sindhi literature
After the advent of Islam in the eighth century, Arabic and Persian influenced the region's inhabitants and were official languages.
The Sindhi language expanded and new literary ideas were expressed in Gech (گيچ) and Gahi (ڳاھ).
Sindh's borders reached Multan, Bhawalwapur, Pasni, Khatiyawar, Makran, Sibi, Kuch and Kalat, and Thatta became a center of knowledge.
[15] Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689–1752) lived during the Kalhora dynasty, a significant period in the history of Sindhi literature.
[1] Shah Latif traveled to remote regions of Sindh, studying its people and their attachment to its land, culture, music, art and crafts.
He described Sindh and its people in folk tales, expressing ideas about the universal brotherhood of mankind, patriotism, the struggle against injustice and tyranny, and the beauty of human existence.
Khawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari, whose poetry appears in Abdul Rahim Garhori's Shara Abyat Sindhi, was another notable Kalhora Sufi poet.
Sachal Sarmast, Sami and Khalifo Nabi Bux Laghari were celebrated poets of the Talpur period (1783–1843).
Yar Muhammad Kalhoro executed the poet Shah Abdul Karim Bulri,[citation needed] and became the first ruler of the Kalhora dynasty.
[19][1] Modern Sindhi literature began with the region's 1843 conquest by the British, when the printing press was introduced.
Magazines and newspapers popularized Sindhi literature, and books were translated from a number of European languages (particularly English).
[1] Thousands of books were published at that time, and Hakeem Fateh Mohammad Sehwani, Kauromal Khilnani, Dayaram Gidumal, Lalchand Amardinomal, Bheruamal Advani, Hotchand Molchand Gurbuxani, Jethmal Parsram, Miran Mohammad Shah, and Maulana Din Muhammad Wafai were pioneers of modern Sindhi literature.
The struggle for freedom from the British gathered momentum, sparking interest in Sindh's history and cultural heritage.
Scholars such as Allama I. I. Kazi, his wife Elsa Kazi, Rasool Bux Palijo, G. M. Syed, Umer Bin Mohammad Daudpota, Pir Ali Muhammad Shah Rashidi, Pir Husamuddin Shah Rashidi, Maulana deen Muhammad Wafai, Jairamdas Daulatram, Hashmat Kevalramani, Bherumal Meharchand Advani, Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo, and Allah Dad Bohyo published works on history and culture.
World War II saw the emergence of novelists and short-story writers such as Gobind Malhi, Sundri Uttamchandani, Popati Hiranandani, Moti Prakash, Ghulam Rabbani Agro, Jamal Abro, Shaikh Ayaz, Amar Jaleel, Naseem Kharal, Agha Saleem, Tariq Ashraf, Shaukat Shoro, and Madad Ali Sindhi.
Free verse, sonnets and ballads have been written, in addition to classical forms such as kafi, bayt, and geet.
Notable Sindh poets are Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talib-ul-Mola, Ustad Bukhari, Shaikh Ayaz, Darya Khan Rind, Ameen Faheem, and Imdad Hussaini.
[22] Noor-ud-din Sarki and Abdul Ghafoor Ansari founded Sindhi Adabi Sangat, an organization of Sindhi-language writers originally centered in Karachi, in 1952.
[23] Laat, a magazine published by Mehran Publications, was founded by Altaf Malkani and Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti (author of the spy novel Khofnaak Saazish).
Evidence exists that Sindhi poets recited verses before Muslim caliphs ruled in Baghdad.
Secular treatises were written in Sindhi about astronomy, medicine, and history during the eighth and ninth centuries.
Sadruddin modified Sindhi script, which was commonly used by the lohana caste of Sindh Hindus who embraced Islam as a result of his teaching; he called them Khuwajas or Khojas.
Sufi scholar and poet Qazi Qadan (died 1551) composed dohas and Sortha poetry, and was a landmark of Sindhi literature.
