Socionics

It incorporates Carl Jung's work on Psychological Types with Antoni Kępiński's theory of information metabolism.

Augustinavičiūtė and her colleagues worked with Carl Jung's personality typologies to develop personality-based relationship profiles.

[26] Philosopher E. Pletuhina defines socionics as the study about the information interaction of the human psyche with the outside world, between people.

[27] The basic structure of socionics was established in the 1960s and 1970s by Augustinavičiūtė,[28][clarification needed] along with a group of enthusiasts who met in Vilnius, Lithuania.

What resulted from their discussions and Augustinavičiūtė's personal investigations was an information model of the psyche and of interpersonal interaction based on Jung's typology but with eight psychic functions rather than four.

According to Betty Lou Leaver, Madeline Ehrman, and Boris Shekhtman, like the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), socionics is a sixteen-type derivative of Jung's work.

Unlike MBTI, which is widely criticized[30] for the lack of validity and utility,[31] the socionics model strives to stay very close to the original descriptions and type labels suggested by Carl Jung.

[32] According to Betty Lou Leaver, "today's concepts of personality emanate most frequently from the work of Carl Jung, whose theories and research have blossomed into a juncture of philosophical and sociological inquiry.

S.A. Bogomaz thinks that the creation of the theory of intertype relationships is undoubtedly contribution of Augustinavičiūtė to the development of Jung typologies.

[38] Svetlana V. Ivanova notes that socionics is taught in more than 150 universities in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS and European Union countries.

[47] Bogdanova claim that a teacher holding socionic knowledge and technologies can consciously collaborate with others and improve professional efficiency.

[59] Izmailova and Kiseleva found socionics interesting to be applied in advertising[60] and marketing, because it allows you to explain the reasons for the behavior of consumers.

Teachers armed with socionics technology can consciously establish relationships with other people and increase efficiency of their pedagogical skills.

[74] Rational implementation of intertype relationships can push educational process to become more intensive and increase students' motivation.

[75][76] Socionics is also researched practical methods and techniques dedicated to evaluation person's individual psychological values to prognoses professional success.

[78][79] In Star City conducted number of science seminars based on socionics methods and person typology to training space crews.

According to order of the Ministry of transport of Russian Federation Flight Standards Department approved a default application "Training of pilots in the field of human factor", which expects basic socionics knowledge not only among pilots and other crew members, but also prognosing interaction in air crews by socionics methods.

[82] To improve interaction among crew members, specialists of Saint Petersburg University examined 2330 people by socionics methods, including university students; aircrews of airlines; air traffic controllers; professors from almost all flight academies of Russia; delegates from Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, and Estonia.

[83] According to the experimental results were obtained socionics and sociometric data of air traffic controllers and correlation analyses of its parameters, also was determined the connection's intensity between person's interaction levels.

The practical values of this research is to develop automated module to determine individual characteristic of operators and to evaluate the effectiveness of socionics in the management of air traffic, particular in special cases of flight[84] Carl Jung describes four psychological functions that are capable of becoming applicable psychically, but to differing degrees in individuals:[85] In addition to these four types, Jung defines a polarity between introverted and extraverted personalities.

[88] In her works she describes aspects of the world based on physical quantities such as potential and kinetic energy, space, time, and their properties.

Bogomaz considers the construction of the theory of intertype relationships to be an undoubted contribution of Augustinavičiūtė to the development of Jung typology, but criticized it by stating that there is little experimental data in socionics, there is no empirical verification of many claims, and by having many unsystematic pseudoscientific publications.