Somatochlora sahlbergi was first scientifically described in 1889 by Swedish entomologist Filip Trybom, based on four specimens collected on an 1876 expedition to the Yenisei River.

[8] Some sources indicate that the larva has long lateral spines on the 8th and 9th abdominal segments, but it is not clear if this is consistent across the species' range.

[8] The species is found across northern portions of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and Alaska.

In Canada, it is known from Yukon and Northwest Territories, but has not been found anywhere east of the Mackenzie River and may be absent from e.g. Nunavut and Quebec.

[8] Somatochlora sahlbergi is found at pools, ponds and small lakes near treeline and in fens and bogs.

[11] The species has been observed in Siberia in clear, cold, slow-moving water surrounded by forest, but this habitat has not been noted in North America.

[11] It likely takes up to 4-5 years for larvae to mature due to the short summer season in the breeding range of this species.