Stimulus–response model

The stimulus–response model is a conceptual framework in psychology that describes how individuals react to external stimuli.

Stimulus–response models are applied in international relations,[1] psychology,[2] risk assessment,[3] neuroscience,[4] neurally-inspired system design,[5] and many other fields.

Research shows Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS)[6] can be characterized by enhanced cognitive functions related to creating, modifying and maintaining connections between stimuli and responses (S‐R links).

Specifically, two areas, procedural sequence learning and, as a novel finding, also event file binding, show converging evidence of hyperfunctioning in GTS.

[7] Previous research on E-learning has proven that studying online can be even more daunting for lecturers and students who suddenly change their learning patterns from the classrooms to the virtual ones.

Assuming that stimuli contained in the external environment cause people to change, which affects their behavior.

[8] The object of a stimulus–response model is to establish a mathematical function that describes the relation f between the stimulus x and the expected value (or other measure of location) of the response Y:[9] A common simplification assumed for such functions is linear, thus we expect to see a relationship like Statistical theory for linear models has been well developed for more than fifty years, and a standard form of analysis called linear regression has been developed.

[10] Empirical models based on nonlinear regression are usually preferred over the use of some transformation of the data that linearizes the stimulus-response relationship.

In biochemistry and pharmacology, the Hill equation refers to two closely related equations, one of which describes the response (the physiological output of the system, such as muscle contraction) to Drug or Toxin, as a function of the drug's concentration.

The Hill equation rearranges to a logistic function with respect to the logarithm of the dose (similar to a logit model).

Pavlov started studying the digestive system in dogs by performing chronic implants of fistulas in the stomach, by which he was able to show with extreme clarity that the nervous system plays a dominant role in the regulation of the digestive process.