Originally a village, first written mention of which dates from 1159, later municipality (since 1849), it remained a predominantly agricultural settlement until the 1960s.

Stodůlky became part of Prague in 1974 and the large housing estate of Jihozápadní Město gradually arose on fields in vicinity of the old village in the late 1970s through mid-1990s.

Západní Město, a western extension of the built-up area is currently under construction as of 2011.

Stodůlky is located at the southwestern outskirts of the city, about 9 kilometres (6 mi) from the centre.

It borders cadastral areas of Řepy in the north, Motol in the northeast, Jinonice in the east, Holyně and Řeporyje in the south, Třebonice in the west and Zličín in the northwest.