[7][8] Jack Copeland considers that it is "historically inappropriate, to refer to electronic stored-program digital computers as 'von Neumann machines'".
[9] Hennessy and Patterson wrote that the early Harvard machines were regarded as "reactionary by the advocates of stored-program computers".
In 1936, Konrad Zuse anticipated in two patent applications that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data.
[3] The concept of using a stored-program computer for switching of telecommunication circuits is called stored program control (SPC).
[32] The storage medium for the program instructions was the flying-spot store, a photographic plate read by an optical scanner that had a speed of about one microsecond access time.