He conquered Rano, extending Kano's reach, and launched a successful[contradictory] expedition into the Kwararafa region.

After failing to pacify Zukzuk, the parent state of the Sultanate of Zazzau, Kanajeji converted to Hausa Animism.

Auwa later on became the first female Madaki of Kano and guided her grandson, Muhammadu Kisoki, to assert the First Kanoan Empire.

[3] Both Abubakr Kado (1565–73) and Muhammadu Shashere (1573–82) attempted to subdue Borno but failed; however, they maintained Kano's hold on the rest of Hausa land and Kwararrafa.

During his reign, multiple rebellions slowly degraded the empire; he died in attempt to subdue one at Katsina in 1648.

[citation needed] By the 1700s, Fula clans, invigorated by their success in Takrur and the Futa area, were beginning to assert control over much of Sudanic West Africa.

Economic decline had forced the successive sultans to raise taxes to the point that Tuareg clans were abandoning Kano.

[citation needed] During this period Kano was a thriving city with advanced medical knowledge and a diverse economy, although Katsina had overtaken it in preeminence among the Hausa states.