The women's 100 metre backstroke event at the 1992 Summer Olympics took place on 28 July at the Piscines Bernat Picornell in Barcelona, Spain.

[1] Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

The following records were established during the competition: Rule: The eight fastest swimmers advance to final A (Q), while the next eight to final B (q).

[2] [3]