Its citizens have traditionally felt close to, and conducted a lively international trade with, neighboring towns of northern Argentina.

Between 1816 and 1898, the region was part of Argentina, and was ceded to Bolivia in exchange for Puna de Atacama.

Political instability at the national level has hindered development of the reserves, as the region has chosen to align with pro-autonomy forces which aim at the devolution of considerable powers away from the central government in favor of the departments.

Important battles and events related to the 1932-35 Chaco War with Paraguay took place in the department's eastern dry lands.

Tarija was the home of Víctor Paz Estenssoro, leader of the 1952 Bolivian Revolution and four-time Constitutional President.