From 1869 he studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, receiving his agrégation for history in 1874.
He then became a member of the French School at Athens, of which, he directed a highly successful excavation at Delos (from 1877).
[1] For several years he taught classes in ancient Greek and Latin at the University of Nancy, and in 1884 became a substitute professor for Paul Foucart at Collège de France.
[2] From 1891 to 1903 he served as director of the French School at Athens, during which time, he was in charge of an important excavation at Delphi.
[3] From 1904 to 1911 he was director of national museums (Louvre), but was forced to relinquish this position due to the theft of the Mona Lisa in August 1911.