[1] The site has become increasingly important as human presence is attributed to all periods of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, the Mesolithic, Neolithic and beyond, bridging the Pleistocene with the Holocene.

[3][4] Theopetra Cave contains one of the longest archaeological sequences in Greece, comprising Middle and Upper Palaeolithic as well as Mesolithic and Neolithic cultural remains.

[5][6][7] The records have shown important palaeoenvironmental data based on sedimentary features and botanical remains.

[9] The wall is thought to have been built to protect its residents from cold winds at the height of the last ice age.

Geologically, the formation of the limestone rock has been dated to the Upper Cretaceous period, 135–65 million years BP.