Air war and ground forces Local ground forces Syrian Democratic Forces Revolutionary Commando ArmyLimited involvement' Iraqi Kurdistan Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[21] [22][23][24] al-Qaeda Turkistan Islamic Party[35] Syrian Arab Republic (limited 2017–2018 strikes)[38] Iran (limited aircraft shoot downs)[39][40]Supported by: Joe Biden (since 20 January 2021) Donald Trump (until 20 January 2021) Barack Obama (until 20 January 2017) Chuck Hagel (until 2015) Ashton Carter (until 2017) James Mattis (until 2019) Patrick M. Shanahan (until 23 June 2019) Mark Esper (until 9 November 2020) Lloyd Austin (since 22 January 2021) Lars Løkke Rasmussen Helle Thorning-Schmidt Mark Rutte Rishi Sunak (since 25 October 2022) Liz Truss (6 September 2022 – 25 October 2022) Boris Johnson (24 July 2019 – 6 September 2022) Theresa May (13 July 2016 – 24 July 2019) David Cameron (until 13 July 2016) Stephen Hillier Tony Abbott Malcolm Turnbull Trevor Jones David Johnston Emmanuel Macron (since 14 May 2017) François Hollande (until 14 May 2017) Jean-Yves Le Drian Pierre de Villiers Angela Merkel Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Volker Wieker King Abdullah II Abdullah Ensour King Salman King Abdullah Al Saud (Died 2015) Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud King Mohammed VI Abdelilah Benkirane Bouchaib Arroub Khalifa Al Nahyan Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Tamim Al Thani Hamad bin Ali Al Attiyah Salih Muslim Muhammad Masoud Barzani Stephen Harper (until November 2015) Justin Trudeau (until February 2016) Thomas J. Lawson (until February 2016) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † (Leader) Abu Alaa Afri † (Deputy Leader of ISIL) Abu Jaber Shaykh (Emir of Tahrir al-Sham, 2017–present) Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Leader of the al-Nusra Front) Abu Humam al-Shami (al-Nusra Military Chief) Abu Jaber Shaykh (2014–2015) Coalition forces: Coalition forces-air Coalition forces-ground Local forces Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: al-Qaeda: Ahrar al-Sham: Syrian Arab Republic: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: At least 9,158 killed [104](per SOHR) al-Qaeda: Jaysh al-Sunna: 10 killed (per SOHR)[104] Ahrar al-Sham: Syrian Arab Republic: 169 soldiers and militiamen killed (per SOHR)[104] 215 Russian mercenaries killed[109] 4 tanks destroyed[110] 11+ aircraft destroyed[111][112] 5 SAM batteries destroyed[113] Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels U.S.-led intervention against ISIL The U.S. intervention in the Syrian civil war is the United States-led support of Syrian opposition and Rojava during the course of the Syrian civil war and active military involvement led by the United States and its allies – the militaries of the United Kingdom, France, Jordan, Turkey, Canada, Australia and more – against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and al-Nusra Front since 2014.

On 22 September 2014, Pentagon Press Secretary Rear Admiral John Kirby confirmed that the United States and partner nations had undertaken airstrikes in Syria using fighters, bombers, and Tomahawk missiles in strikes authorized by President Barack Obama.

[129] In a fifth round of airstrikes on 27 September, the U.S. led strikes along with Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the UAE against ISIL forces in the Kobanî Canton of Syrian Kurdistan, destroying two armored vehicles and an unknown number of fighters.

On 26 March, the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence announced the deployment of around 75 military trainers and headquarter staff to Turkey and other nearby countries in the anti-ISIL coalition, to assist with the U.S.-led training programme in Syria.

[208][209][210] CNN reported that a senior U.S. military official revealed that in May 2015, U.S. special operations forces came "tantalisingly close" to capturing or killing ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in Raqqa, but failed to do so because classified information was leaked to the news media.

[219] After deadly terror attacks in Paris conducted by jihadists, French President Francois Hollande sent France's only aircraft carrier, the Charles de Gaulle, with its 26 fighters to intensify air strikes.

In the following weeks, they are to join the 50 that are already in the country; their main aim is to advise, assist and expand the ongoing effort to bring more Syrian Arab fighters into units the U.S. supports in northern Syria to combat ISIL.

[248] On the same day, four U.S. special operations troops in northern Syria were "lightly" wounded by shrapnel when an Islamic State anti-tank missile fired at a nearby vehicle exploded, but they quickly returned to duty.

After the airstrike took place, U.S. commanders warned Russia that the garrison was part of the international coalition against ISIL and therefore should not be attacked, but 90 minutes later, nearby U.S. warplanes observed Russian jets dropping a second barrage of bombs on the outpost, killing four rebel soldiers.

[259] CNN reported that the Coalition carried out airstrikes in support of the Turkish intervention in Syria with Syrian opposition forces in August 2016, which seized the town of Jarabulus from ISIL and pushed south and west in an effort to clear the terror group from its border.

[281] On 24 November, the Washington Post reported that Senior Chief Petty Officer Scott C. Dayton of Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit 2 was killed by an IED near Ayn Issa - roughly 35 miles northwest of ISIL's self-proclaimed capital of Raqqa.

[292] On 1 January 2017, a United States drone strike killed Abu Omar al-Turkistani, a Jabhat Fatah al-Sham and Turkistan Islamic Party military commander, and three other JFS members near the town of Sarmada in the northern Idlib Governorate.

[299] On 19 January, U.S. airstrikes by B-52 strategic bombers struck the former Syrian Army Sheikh Suleiman military base near Darat Izza, in western Aleppo, which was used by Jabhat Fatah al-Sham and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement.

On 1 February, it was reported that the U.S.-led Coalition had conducted an airstrike on the Carlton Hotel in the city of Idlib,[302] which local and NGO sources said was a Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC) facility[302] and which pro-government media said was used by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)'s former al-Nusra component for troop housing, and hosting meetings of prominent commanders.

[334] The Russian Foreign Ministry denounced the attack as being based on false intelligence and against international law, suspended the Memorandum of Understanding on Prevention of Flight Safety Incidents that had been signed with the U.S., and called an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council.

[349] Also on 6 June, U.S. aircraft conducted airstrikes on over 60 troops, a tank, artillery, antiaircraft weapons, and armed technical vehicles from pro-government forces that had entered what the Coalition called the al-Tanf "deconfliction zone".

[366] According to U.S. military officials, on 7 February, in deliberate air and artillery strikes, the U.S.-led coalition killed more than 100 pro-government fighters in the Euphrates River valley in Deir ez-Zor province after they launched an "unprovoked attack" against the Syrian Democratic Forces.

[385][386] CNN reported on 24 December that during the weeks before Trump's withdrawal announcement, national security advisor John Bolton told senior officials to meet directly with anti-ISIL coalition partners to assure them that America would remain in Syria until Iran had left.

[399] On 29 January, with ISIL cornered in its final redoubt due to the Kurdish-led conquest against it in the Middle Euphrates River Valley, acting U.S. Defense Secretary Patrick Shanahan proclaimed at his first news conference as SecDef that the Coalition will liberate all of the Islamic State's remaining self-proclaimed caliphate in "two weeks".

[426] On 30 June 2019, in a rare operation against non-ISIL elements, the U.S. carried out a strike against an al-Qaeda in Syria (AQ-S) leadership meeting at a training facility west of Aleppo,[31] which killed eight jihadists from the Guardians of Religion Organization, including six commanders: two Tunisians, two Algerians, an Egyptian and a Syrian.

[441] On 25 October, Mark Esper confirmed the U.S. had partially reversed its Syria pullout and that the U.S. had a new dedicated mission to guard and secure Syrian oil and gas fields and infrastructure, assisted by the deployment of mechanized infantry units.

[443] On 26 October 2019, U.S. Joint Special Operations Command's (JSOC) 1st SFOD-D (Delta Force) conducted a high-profile raid into Idlib Governorate near the border with Turkey that resulted in the death of ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.

The report assessed that Turkey's incursion impacted the U.S.'s relationship with the Syrian Kurds, greatly shifted the balance of power in north Syria, and disrupted CJTF-OIR and SDF counter-terrorism operations to the point of giving ISIL ample room to quickly resurge.

The sanctions target Assad's inner circle, including his wife Asma, family members, and Russian and Iranian entities, and freezes the assets of any investors dealing with the country's energy, military, and intelligence agencies and infrastructure.

[472] On 27 July, the Congressional Research Service issued a report, in which they outlined the American strategy in Syria which would aim to achieve: (1) the enduring defeat of the Islamic State; (2) a political settlement to the Syrian civil war; and (3) the withdrawal of Iranian-commanded forces.

McKenzie also expressed support for Iraq's announced repatriation of 100 families from the Al-Hawl refugee camp, which he said remained a breeding ground for radicalization and a target of ISIL recruitment, despite recent security improvements.

[528] During another joint U.S.-SDF helicopter raid in northeast Syria on the night of 16 February, four U.S. servicemen and a military working dog were wounded when senior ISIL leader Hamza al-Homsi detonated an explosion as they approached his position.

[531] On 23 March, U.S. president Joe Biden authorized U.S. forces to conduct a retaliatory air strike in Syria in response to a kamikaze drone attack on a coalition base at Abu Hajar Airport.

The drone was allegedly of Iranian origin and the airstrike targeted what the U.S. said was Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)-linked military posts in the Mayadin and Abu Kamal countryside and a weapons depot in the Harabish neighborhood of Deir ez-Zor, killing 14 people, including nine Syrians, according to SOHR.

According to Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin, the "precision self-defense strike" was in response to "a series of attacks against U.S. personnel in Iraq and Syria by IRGC-Quds Force affiliates" and was ordered by President Joe Biden.