In addition to professional publications, he is the author of several books aimed at the general reader and host of a television documentary series debunking pseudoscientific myths.

In 1993, he became Research Director of the Health Law Institute at the University of Alberta, a position he currently occupies.

[10] He is a Health Senior Scholar at the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research and has worked on a variety of advisory committees involved in medical and scientific ethics, including one with the International Society for Stem Cell Research.

[17] Caulfield is a spokesperson for ScienceUpFirst, a science communication initiative aiming at reducing the impact of COVID misinformation online.

He uses social media platforms, interviews, his books and his television series to counter some health claims made by celebrities such as actress and entrepreneur Gwyneth Paltrow and alternative medicine advocate Deepak Chopra.

Stem cell treatments in particular is sometimes fraudulently hyped as a very expensive miracle cure for anything from autism, Lou Gehrig’s disease and spinal cord injury, to cerebral palsy, a practice Caulfield calls "scienceploitation".

[28][29][30] In addition to plain dishonesty, Caulfield argues that the media looking for human-interest stories often portray unsound treatments as effective and give hope to patients.

[28][31][32] Caulfield points out that these practices have been used all the way back to the discovery of magnetism, and tend to appear whenever new scientific discoveries attract the interest of the public: "Now you see stem cell, genetic, and increasingly, microbiome research being exploited to sell a host of ridiculous products.

He is also editor or coeditor of the following publications: Caulfield is the host and main protagonist of the documentary series, A User's Guide to Cheating Death, presented in 60 countries,[49] including Canadian specialty channel Vision TV.

The episodes include conversations with people believing the treatments work for them and discussions with panels of experts.

"[55] In 2024, Caulfield tackled misinformation in the "manosphere" in his documentary "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" where he exposed the extremes that some men are going to in order to be seen as masculine.