Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)

In the 1800s, during the reign of Mzilikazi and Lobengula, BaTonga people were regarded by the Ndebele (at the time called the "Matabele") as very peaceful.

[5] In the article Carrying Capacity's New Guise: Folk Models for Public Debate and Longitudinal Study of Environmental Change, Lisa Cligget focuses on the relationship between the Tonga people and the environment.

[5] The construction of the Kariba Dam caused 57,000 Tonga people on both sides of the Zambian lake[clarification needed] due to constant flooding.

However, last minute engineering forced 6000 people to relocate to Lusitu, a small village downstream from the dam.

The consequences of the structural adjustment program means clinics do not have access to aspirin, chloroquine, antibiotics and other medications.

The negative effect on education in these rural areas that are remote makes it challenging to find teachers to accept and keep positions.

[5] The Tonga people in Lusitu and surrounding areas have become dependent on agriculture production and kinship family networks.

The copper industry failed in Zambia in the 1970s and there is a lack of maintenance of national and local infrastructure, creating equally harsh conditions of economic strife.

[5] Extended family networks and kinship play a large role in how scarcity is confronted, exemplified by the four coping strategies.

[5] Being more mobile allows for bettered ability to find food sources, through the environment or asking extended family members not encountering scarcity.