[2] Widespread mining in central Sulawesi is believed to exacerbating the problems of habitat loss.

[3] Tonkean macaques have an ape-like appearance, with males being slightly larger than females.

These macaques take significant effort in maintaining harmony within the group and practice conflict resolution to a great degree.

If two tonkean macaque troops cross paths, intense conflicts can arise.

[1] Studies show that male macaques often interacted with each other through facial displays and physical contact.

[4] They use contact calls to communicate with each other able social events, and loudness depends on context and distance of the individual.

[7] Tonkean macaques have been known to subgroup, which is when individuals of the group split up to do certain activities such as forage and feed.

[5] As for non-aggressive behaviors, the use of the silent bared-teeth display is to show that the individual aims to be peaceful.

[10] The male Tonkean macaques that mate guarded were mildly aggressive to the females.