Tröchtelborn lies in the valley between the Fahnersche Höhen to the north and the Seeberge to the south-west, on a historic road linking Erfurt to Gotha.

The city of Erfurt acquired Tröchtelborn in 1351 from the fiefdom of the Counts of Schwarzburg and incorporated it into the Vogtei Nottleben.

With the Congress of Vienna, the village returned to Prussia in 1815 and was incorporated into the district of Erfurt in the Prussian province of Saxony in 1816.

After the Peaceful Revolution and the reunification, urgently needed restoration work was carried out on the church and residential buildings.

In 2017, a team of volunteers unearthed a German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter plane near Tröchtelborn, which was probably shot down on the 5th of April 1945.