The track and field competition at the 2011 Military World Games was held from 17–23 July 2011 at the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro.

Kenya was a close runner-up, with six golds and a total of fifteen medals after strong performances in the middle to long distance running events.

Keila Costa came close to a long jump/triple jump double, but was narrowly beaten by Simona La Mantia in the latter event.

Chinese Olympic medallist Zhang Wenxiu won the women's hammer throw in a Games record – a feat also achieved by Poland's Paweł Wojciechowski in the men's pole vault.

The men's 400 metres was won by Sajjad Hashemi in an Iranian national record time.