Tuition payments

"[3] These policies generally include a tuition fee that is large enough to give parents or guardians "a responsibility to cover some portion of their children’s higher education costs.

"[3] This responsibility can make it difficult for a low-income student to attend college without requiring a grant or one or more loans.

In Europe the first cycle is free in several countries: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Malta, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey.

Since then, this maximum has been raised to £9,000 (more than €10,000) in most of the United Kingdom, however, only those who reach a certain salary threshold pay this fee through general taxation.

[4] French tuition fees are capped based on the level of education pursued, from 183 Euros per year for undergraduate up to 388 for doctorates.

In exceptional cases universities may offer courses for professionals (e.g. executive MBA programs), which may require tuition payment.

This is in part because high levels of education are a benefit to the development of society, including business and industry.

Doctorate-level higher education is often also provided for free, but some universities may charge fees for PhD degrees.

Students may resort to registering at private universities (called colleges, κολέγια), which charge tuition fees, or emigrate to other countries in order to get an education.

Net tuition indices mark an increase in the "relative real burden" for payments at various types of institutions for higher education; in the period between 1980 and 1995; example, this burden increased by approximately 80 percent for students at public universities and by 148 percent for students at private universities.

People may purchase tuition insurance to protect themselves from fees related to involuntary withdrawal (illness, death of a parent or guardian, etc.)

On the other hand, the number of students from the lower classes was usually kept in check by the expenses of living during the years of study, although as early as the mid-19th century there were calls for limiting the university entrance by middle-class persons.

It would allow the estimated 50,000 to 65,000 undocumented students in the United States to gain in-state tuition as well as a path towards American citizenship.

In addition, these students were denied federal assistance as they lacked valid Social Security numbers.