[3] Original implementations of the CGI interface typically had adverse effects on the server load however, because each request started a separate process.
[4] More recent implementations utilize persistent processes amongst other techniques to reduce the footprint in the server's resources and offer a general performance boost.
[citation needed] In 1995, fully integrated server/language development environments first emerged and new web-specific languages were introduced, such as ColdFusion, PHP, and Active Server Pages.
[citation needed] Many frameworks follow the MVC architectural pattern to separate the data model into business rules (the "controller") and the user interface (the "view").
[11][12] The term should not be confused with MVC, where, unlike in three-tier architecture, it is considered a good practice to keep business logic away from the controller, the "middle layer".
These frameworks often extend or enhance features available through native web technologies, such as routing, component-based development, and state management.
While native web standards, including Web Components, modern JavaScript APIs like Fetch and ES Modules, and browser capabilities like Shadow DOM, have advanced significantly, frameworks remain widely used for their ability to enhance developer productivity, offer structured patterns for large-scale applications, simplify handling edge cases, and provide tools for performance optimization.
[18][19][20] Frameworks can introduce abstraction layers that may contribute to performance overhead, larger bundle sizes, and increased complexity.
Modern frameworks, such as React 18 and Vue 3, address these challenges with features like concurrent rendering, tree-shaking, and selective hydration.
While these advancements improve rendering efficiency and resource management, their benefits depend on the specific application and implementation context.
Framework choice depends on an application’s requirements, including the team’s expertise, performance goals, and development priorities.
[24] This "inversion of control" design pattern is considered to be a defining principle of a framework, and benefits the code by enforcing a common flow for a team which everyone can customize in similar ways.
[24] For example, some popular "microframeworks" such as Ruby's Sinatra (which inspired Express.js) allow for "middleware" hooks prior to and after HTTP requests.
Some application frameworks provide mechanisms for caching documents and bypassing various stages of the page's preparation, such as database access or template interpretation.
Frameworks such as Ruby on Rails can also work in reverse, that is, define properties of model objects at runtime based on a database schema.
This makes the URL easier for people to remember, read and write, and provides search engines with better information about the structural layout of the site.
[citation needed] With the increased interest in developing "Web 2.0" rich web applications, the complexity of programming directly in Ajax and JavaScript has become so apparent that compiler technology has stepped in, to allow developers to code in high-level languages such as Java, Python and Ruby.