The reign of Al-Walid I (705–715) saw the most dramatic Marwanid Umayyad conquests, in a period of barely ten years, North Africa, Iberia, Transoxiana, and Sindh were subdued and colonized by the Arabs.

Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri (723–726) recaptured Sindh, conquered Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan, however, Arab forces invading Malwa and achieved victory.

[12] The fourth Umayyad campaign was launched after Arabs lost control of Sindh and conquered territories of Rajasthan and Gujarat under Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi (726–731).

The hiatus from 740 to 750 due to military exhaustion, also saw the advent of the third of a series of civil wars, which resulted in the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate.

[15] Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, the governor of Bahrain and Oman, had dispatched the naval expeditions against the ports and positions of the Sasanian Empire, and further east to the borders of India.

[20] Arabs led by Suhail b. Abdi and Hakam al Taghilbi later defeated a Sindhi Army in the Battle of Rasil in 644 beside the Indian Ocean sea coast, then reached the Indus River.

[21] Caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab denied them permission to cross the river or operate in Makran and the Arabs returned home.

[22] Muhammad bin Qasim, after his conquest of Sindh, wrote to `the kings of Hind (India)' calling upon them to surrender and accept the faith of Islam.

[26] The frontier of Kashmir might be what is referred to as al-Kiraj in later records (Kira Kingdom in Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh[27]), which was apparently subdued.

A separate force was also sent against al-Malibah (Malwa, to the east of Ujjain[30]), The Arabs tried to extend Muslim dominion over interior parts of India.

[31] This means the boundaries of the new province would have included western and southern Rajasthan, nearly all of Gujarat, and a small part of Madhya Pradesh.

It subdued Qassa (Kutch), al-Mandal (perhaps Okha), Dahnaj (unidentified), Surast (Saurashtra) and Barus or Barwas (Bharuch).

The Arab records do not explain why, except to state that the Caliphate troops, drawn from distant lands such as Syria and Yemen, abandoned their posts in India and refused to go back.

[37] The Lord of Nandipuri, Jayabhata IV, documented, in an inscription dated to 736 CE, that he went to the aid of his suzerein, the King of Vallabhi and inflicted a crushing defeat on a Tājika (Arab) army.

The Tājika (Arab) army defeated was, according to the grant, one that had attacked "Kacchella, Saindhava, Saurashtra, Cavotaka, Maurya and Gurjara" kings.

[42] Nahada is identified with Nagabhata I (r. 730–760), the founder of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, which is believed to have started from the Jalore-Bhinmal area and spread to Avanti at Ujjain.

[43] The Gwalior inscription of the Pratihara King Bhoja I, says that Nagabhata, the founder of the dynasty, defeated a powerful army of Valacha Mlecchas ("Baluch" barbarians[44]) around 725 CE.

[46] Blankinship also notes that Hakam's campaigns caused the creation of larger, more powerful kingdoms, which was inimical to the caliphate's interests.

They made occasional raids to the seaports of Kathiawar to protect their trading routes but did not venture inland into Indian kingdoms.

The Gurjara-Pratiharas immediately to his north became his foes and the Arabs became his allies, due to the geographic logic as well as the economic interests of sea trade.

The Pratiharas extended their influence throughout Gujarat and Rajasthan almost to the edge of the Indus river, but their push to become the central power of north India was repeatedly thwarted by the Rashtrakutas.