Central Union Township is occupied by the county seat of Washington Court House, the only city in Fayette County.

A small corner of the village of Bloomingburg also sits in the northeastern part of the township.

It is one of twenty-seven Union Townships statewide.

[5] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.

There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[6] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election.