The corporation was founded in 1967 and is responsible for the mining and milling of uranium ore in India.

Mohuldih uranium deposit Mine in Gamharia block of Seraikella-Kharsawan district in state of Jharkhand has been developed as a modern underground mine Uranium deposits have been found in Rohil area of Sikar district of Rajasthan, prompting the Rajasthan government to issue a letter of interest (LOI) to the state-owned Uranium Corporation of India, the first step to start the process of mining the radioactive mineral.

There was criticism from certain sections of the local community that the mining operations of UCIL were resulting in harmful radiation to the public.

[7] UCIL was also among the 63 Indian establishments put under sanction by USA in 1998 after Operation Shakti.

[8] The mining activities of UCIL in the Khasi Hills were also fiercely opposed by the local tribals protesting against potential health effects.