She then practiced her professional activity in the banking sector by becoming an inspector at Société Générale, then in 2003, was recruited by BNP Paribas London in the risk monitoring teams.

In 2005, she joined the Paris office; from 2010, she became head of risk planning in the equity and commodities division of BNP Paribas Investment Bank.

After the vote of the militant base, Rabault was appointed by the Socialist Party as its candidate in the 2012 legislative election in the 1st constituency of Tarn-et-Garonne.

[7] In 2017, Rabault was in charge of the economy and finance policies of Vincent Peillon's campaign for the Socialist Party presidential primary.

[10] On 11 April 2018, Rabault became chairwoman of the Socialist group in the National Assembly, becoming the first woman to hold the position permanently, as Seybah Dagoma held the office in an acting capacity in 2016 after the appointment of Bruno Le Roux as Minister of the Interior.

[11] On 3 May 2022, it was reported that Rabault had turned down President Emmanuel Macron's offer to make her Prime Minister of France over policy differences.