[1] On June 30, 2023, federal District Court Judge Reed O'Connor granted a motion for summary judgment against the ATF, vacating the receiver rule nationwide on the grounds that the agency had exceeded its statutory authority.

[2] Between September 2022 and January 2023, Blackhawk Manufacturing Group, Defense Distributed, the Second Amendment Foundation, JSD Supply, and Polymer80 filed motions to intervene based on their unique interests in the case.

[9][better source needed] Over the course of six months, Judge O'Connor granted partial injunctive relief to many of the plaintiffs before ultimately deciding cross-motions for summary judgment against the ATF, striking down the agency's final rule.

Sotomayor further noted that since the Gun Control Act specifically stakes its authority over starting pistols designed to fire blank cartridges, weapon parts kits similarly qualify for regulation because of their capacity to be readily converted into a working firearm.

[14] Patterson advocated for returning to the ATF's prior "critical machining test," which evaluates whether the purchaser must use tools to further modify the frame or receiver before it becomes usable in a firearm.