Some universities in these four North African countries award a "Doctorate of the State" in some fields of study and science.
[citation needed] Similarly to in the US and most of Europe, Japanese universities offer both the PhD and the ScD as initial doctorates in science.
In India only a few prestigious universities offer ScD/DSc in science which is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and a doctoral defence.
The oldest institute to award a DSc degree in India is Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta.
[specify][citation needed] DSc or PhD degrees are awarded after dissertation and fulfilling the required publication number.
The procedure of habilitation is normally required to receive officially the "venia docendi", which entitles the candidate to lecture at universities (Privatdozent, for men, or Privatdozentin, for women).
It is earned with the approval of a committee on the basis of original research, publications, and extensive applied professional contributions and is awarded in doctoral level science and technology programs.
The degree is conferred on a member of the university who has a proven record of internationally recognised scholarship.
[6] Quite often they will need to be a doctoral graduate of at least ten years' standing and have a substantial research association with the awarding university.
The Doctor of Science may also be awarded as an honorary degree, that is, given to individuals who have made extensive contributions to a particular field and not for specific academic accomplishments.
When conversing or writing in English, the prefix Dr may be used to address a holder of a doctoral degree awarded in Finland.
In Russia, the status of Russian Doktor Nauk (literally 'Doctor of Sciences') is considered a higher scientific degree.
Starting in 2016,[10] in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ukrainian: Доктор філософії) is the highest education level and first science degree.
In Belarus "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc, Belarusian: Доктар навук) is the highest level of education that follows a PhD.
The academic research ScD (or DSc) is not higher than a PhD as is the case in some European countries.
The University of Baltimore, School of Information Arts and Technologies offers an ScD degree in Information and Interaction Design, a program focused on usable design/user experience (UX) and Human Computer Interaction (HCI).
The Engineering school at Washington University in St. Louis, for example, requires four more graduate courses in the DSc program, which can be completed in one year in conjunction with research duties, while the PhD requires teaching assistance services.
To get into an Argentine PhD program the applicant must have experience in research and at least an Engineering, Licentiate or master's degree:[40] In Brazil only the Doctor in Sciences (DSc) category is recognized as a higher doctorate,[41] generally followed by the concentration area (program field).
This kind of doctorate is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and thesis defense.