Verrucaria muralis

Verrucaria muralis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling, crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae.

It is a common species with an almost cosmopolitan distribution, occurring in an altitudinal range extending from the lowlands to the subalpine zone.

It has medium-sized hemispherically protruding perithecia, more or less spherical pale exciples with a well-developed involucrellum of medium thickness that usually reaches down to the middle part of the perithecium (rarely deeper).

[3][4] In a study of lichen growth rate, Bruce Fink reported in 1917 that it increased in diameter 0.6 cm in 1 year.

[5] Verrucaria marinomuralis is a superficially similar species occurring on non-calcareous seaside rocks in the splash zone or above in central Japan[6] and in Europe.