Water in the Pecos River south headed to Villanueva State Park, there are showed signs of base metals and mercury.

The warmest months for Villanueva State Park are in June and July, where the high is 90 °F (32 °C) and the low reaching 55–59 °F (13–15 °C).

[6] "Couched between high red sandstone bluffs in a beautiful valley of the Pecos River, this park is located near the picturesque Spanish colonial village of Villanueva.

The earliest rocks form the base of the 300 to 500-foot-high cliffs of Glorieta Mesa and were conveyed during the Middle to Late Permian period, around 268–245 million years ago.

[8] The earliest rocks belonging to the Permian Yeso Formation form the lower slopes below the cliffs, withslender bands containinglocalized layers of red-orange calcareous siltstone and dolomitelimestone up to 15 feet (4.6 m) thick.