Violence against men
[6] Male law enforcement officers show a greater reluctance to file charges or reports when a man is the victim of domestic violence.
Stereotypes can make it difficult for victims to conceptualize and verbalize what happened, and contribute significantly to underreporting and poor responses toward survivors by relevant authorities.
[18] In its December 2020 report, the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) found that homosexuality is criminalized in 67 of 193 UN member states and one non-independent jurisdiction, the Cook Islands,[needs update] while two UN member states, Iraq and Egypt, criminalize it de facto but not in legislation.
[19] Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Mauritania, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, United Arab of Emirates and Yemen still allow for the prescription of the death penalty if one engages in homosexual sexual activity.
[21] Research by Rebecca L. Stotzer and Margaret Shih found that masculinity is seen as fragile, needing constant reinforcement through displays of heterosexuality and rejection of femininity and homosexuality.
This insecurity can cause men to react aggressively to anything challenging traditional gender roles and can significantly influence reactions to LGBT+ individuals.
For example, women are more likely to throw or hit with objects, kick, bite, or punch, while men are more likely to choke or strangle.
[1][30][31] Research since the 1990s has identified issues of perceived and actual bias when police are involved, with the male victim being negated even while injured.
[35] In situations of structural violence that include war and genocide, men and boys are frequently singled out and killed.
[36] The singling out of men and boys of military age occurs due the assumption that they are potential combatants and is a form of gender-based violence.
The CDC excluded male victims from the fact sheet summary, noting only that "1.3 million women were raped during the year preceding the survey" without mentioning the similar finding for men.
[46] In 2012, The UN refugee agency issued guidelines for UNHCR staff and aid workers on how to support and treat male victims of sexual violence and rape in war and human rights situations.
The guidelines "include tips on the challenging task of identifying victims of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), given the stigma attached to rape".
[47] Adult men have been forcefully circumcised, most notably in the compulsory conversion of non-Muslims to Islam[48][49] and more recently especially in Kenya.
Men in the military face particular vulnerabilities to sexual violence, which is frequently perpetrated by fellow servicemembers and often involves multiple assailants.
For example, a study published in the Journal of Peace Research in 2017 highlighted that nearly 1% of active-duty servicemen reported experiencing sexual assault over a one-year period, with perpetrators typically being military colleagues.
Furthermore, official socialization of officers does not always effectively oppose these norms, since military training continues to promote a type of masculinity that undermines efforts to avoid sexual assault.
[65] In one study, less than 3% of organizations that address rape as a weapon of war mention men or provide services to male victims.
[77] Studies using recent data have found that Black, Hispanic, and Native American/Alaskan individuals are disproportionately stopped by police and killed in encounters.
[77][81] Data from Australia, the European Union, and the United Kingdom also demonstrates that death while in police custody is more frequent among men.
