[44] On 10 September 2018, Vox enlisted Juan Antonio Morales, an independent legislator in the regional parliament of Extremadura (who had dropped out of the PP parliamentary group) as a party member.

[62] In October 2020, Vox's parliamentary group at the Congress of Deputies tabled a motion of no confidence against the current Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, bringing Santiago Abascal as alternative candidate.

[65] In the face of the 2020 United States presidential election, Vox was fully supportive of President Donald Trump's candidacy,[66] even tweeting from its official account that Joe Biden was the preferred candidate of "El País, Podemos, Otegi, Maduro, China, Iran and pedophiles", which according to the international news agency EFE was echoing QAnon conspiracy theories.

[75] In October 2021 the Constitutional Court of Spain supported two other appeals by Vox, and declared unconstitutional the closing down of Spanish Parliament and Senate in the beginning of pandemic, and the second State of Alarm.

[82] In March 2022, it was announced that Vox would form government with the PP in Castile and León, taking three of ten ministerial positions including vice president for regional leader Juan García-Gallardo.

[85] In the aftermath of elections, despite initial promises to stay and lead Vox's opposition group in Andalusia, on 29 July 2022, Olona announced her decision to resign and left politics due to unnamed "medical reasons".

Vox's reduced presence in the Congress meant that it lost its ability to appeal the government's legislature to the Supreme Court; it had previously used this right to challenge Sánchez's legislation on transgender issues, euthanasia and the COVID-19 pandemic.

After the election, some political journalists noted Spain had followed an opposite trend to other European countries such as Sweden, Finland and Italy where conservative-nationalist parties had scored strong results and opined Vox's communication style had turned off voters and that the disappearance of Ciudadanos (whose votes mostly went to the PP) had indirectly penalized Vox as the electoral system is weighted to favour bigger parties.

Abascal partly blamed the People's Party whom he argued had been too triumphalist in campaigning on behalf of the right, claiming "They sold the bear's skin before they had even hunted it.

"[96][97][98] In the aftermath of the general elections, many members of the "liberal family of Vox" left the party or lost their influence in favour of the syndicalist wing, headed by Jorge Buxadé.

[107] With their new group, Vox held a rally of force on 8 February, 2025, in Madrid, alongside Viktor Orbán and other right-wing leaders, vowing to reconquer Europe as a reference to Spain's own Reconquista against Islam.

[117] According to Xavier Casals, the unifying part of Vox's ideology is a war-like ultranationalism[118] identified by the party with a palingenetic and biological vision of the country—the so-called España Viva—as well as a Catholicism-inspired culture.

[7] He says that ideological roots of the party's ultranationalism lie in incondicionalismo, 'unconditionalism', the nationalist discourse based on the "fear of amputation of the homeland" coined in the 19th century in Colonial Cuba against Cuban separatism, and autonomist concessions (replicated in Catalonia in the 1910s).

[125] During his participation in the April 2019 general election debate, Santiago Abascal used a phrase of the fascist Ramiro Ledesma, founder of the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (JONS): "only the rich can afford the luxury of not having a homeland".

Fighting the latter is a personal question for some founding members, including the current president Santiago Abascal,[138] José Antonio Ortega Lara, and María Teresa López Álvarez, all of whom have had negative experiences due to the terrorist group ETA.

[147] Left-leaning critics believe Vox undermines the importance of feminist struggle in the advancement of women's liberties by means of linking the latter to a culture with "Christian foundations".

[158] Current party leaders, Santiago Abascal and Javier Ortega, are both licensed to carry handguns for self-defence due to recurrent threats to their lives for their political activities.

According to Abascal, "these are real war refugees, women, children, and elderly people", unlike "young Muslim males of military age invading Europe's borders with the intention to destabilize and colonize it".

[186] While Vox's official platform only contains proposals against Islamic fundamentalism, public statements made by party figures have been accused of constituting Islamophobia, helping to underpin, according to Casals, their discourse against Maghrebi immigration, and in favour of the development of a closer bond to Catholicism.

[198] Party representatives claim that Spanish national and regional authorities abuse the control of the public education system to impose their political and ideological agenda on children.

[202] However, the party still opposes the mainstream environmental views, labelling them as "Green religion", and has voted against the Law for Climate Change and Energy Transition [es], which was adopted anyway.

[207] In July 2021, party leader Abascal signed a statement opposing the EU's "federalist drift" with Viktor Orbán, Marine Le Pen, Jarosław Kaczyński and Giorgia Meloni, among others.

[223] In May 2024, Abascal voiced criticism towards Prime Minister Sánchez for unilaterally recognizing a Palestinian state, describing this action as a scandalous reward to Hamas,[224] and promised to reverse said recognition.

[225] In November 2024, Abascal advocated for stronger relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia along with Argentine President Javier Milei for Spain to form a trio of the following three.

[236] Abascal and Vox also expressed "full support" for Alternative for Germany, a member of Europe of Sovereign Nations, in the 2025 German federal election.

[239] In Latin America, Vox maintains close ties with the Chilean Republican Party, Javier Milei's La Libertad Avanza in Argentina, Peru's Popular Renewal, and Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil.

[252][253] The most notable example was the controversy surrounding the historian Fernando Paz, the party's leading candidate in Albacete for the April 2019 general election,[254] who resigned after suffering what he described as "a mediatic hunt",[255] due to Holocaust denial and homophobia.

[166][164] Thus, Fernando Paz Cristóbal [ca] (ex-leader of Vox in Albacete, who left the party in 2019) said in 2013: "If I had a gay son I would help him, there are therapies to correct such psychology".

[166][254] Francisco Serrano Castro (ex-leader of Vox in Andalusia, who left in 2020) tweeted in 2017: "Homosexuals have penises and lesbians have vulvas, and don't be fooled, nobody cares about it".

[259][260] During the elections to the Assembly of Madrid of 2021 held on 4 May, Vox used a very controversial poster in which the faces of a young masked man and an old woman appeared, with the sign between the two saying: "A mena [unaccompanied foreign minor] 4700 euros per month.