Using information from these components, the Royal Air Force introduced "Window" chaff and a series of white noise radar jammers known as "Carpet" to interfere with their operation.

By the spring of 1935, GEMA's successes made it clear to Runge that the idea was workable after all, so he started a crash program at Telefunken to develop radar systems.

With Lorenz already making progress on early warning devices, Runge had the Telefunken team concentrate on a short-range gun laying system instead.

By the summer they had built a working experimental unit in the 50 cm band that was able to generate strong returns off a target Junkers Ju 52.

By the next summer, the experimental set-up had been developed into a prototype known as the Darmstadt, which offered a range accuracy of 50 m (160 ft) at 5 km (3.1 mi), not nearly enough for gun laying.

An experimental Würzburg B added an infra-red detector for fine tuning, but in general these devices proved to be unusable and production was discontinued.

The Würzburg D was introduced in 1941 and added a conical scanning system using an offset receiver feed called a Quirl (German for whisk) that spun at 25 Hz.

Based on the same receiver circuitry and displays as the D model, the new version featured a much larger 7.4 m (24 ft) antenna and a more powerful transmitter giving a range of up to 70 km (43 mi).

The system was too large to be carried on a truck trailer and was adapted for operation from a railway carriage as the Würzburg-Riese-E, of which 1,500 were produced during the war.

The Operation Hydra bombing of Peenemünde did not affect the nearby Giant Würzburg at the Lubmin guidance and control station used for the V-2 rocket.

[3] Dutch scientists brought several of the surplus German coastal Würzburg radars to the Radio Transmitting Station in Kootwijk, Netherlands in the early 1950s.

There, they were used in experiments important in the development of early radio astronomy, specifically the discovery of the hydrogen line and subsequent mapping of the spiral arms of our Milky Way Galaxy.

[4] German radar equipment including two Würzburg antennas (obtained from RAE Farnborough) was used by Martin Ryle and Derek Vonberg at the Cavendish Laboratory from 1945 to observe sunspots.