Schultz was born the son of a farmer in Lautenburg in West Prussia, which today is Lidzbark in Poland.

He then passed the state teacher's examination and began teaching at the secondary level in a realschule in Kassel.

He then joined the National Socialist Freedom Movement, a front organization set up when the Nazi Party was outlawed in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch.

In September 1925, he became a member of the National Socialist Working Association, a short-lived group of northern and western German Gauleiters, organized and led by Gregor Strasser, which unsuccessfully sought to amend the Party program.

However, when Haselmayer resigned for health reasons on 22 September 1926, Schultz temporarily became Acting Gauleiter in Hesse-Nassau South.

Almost a year later, on 1 September 1927, Schultz relinquished active leadership of Gau Hesse-Nassau North and was placed on leave due to the demands of his academic work.

[4] In addition to his government posts, Schultz remained active in the Party organization, becoming the leader of the Municipal Politics Office in Gau Kurhessen in 1933; additionally, from 1938 he worked in the Main Office for Municipal Political Affairs in the Party's Reichsleitung (National Leadership).