[1] Iraq used Tu-22 Blinder and Tu-16 Badger strategic bombers to carry out long-range high-speed raids on Iranian cities, including Tehran.

Fighter-bombers such as the MiG-25 Foxbat and Su-22 Fitter were used against smaller or shorter range targets, as well as escorting the strategic bombers.

[2] Starting in 1987, Saddam Hussein ordered several chemical attacks on civilian targets in Iran, such as the town of Sardasht.

[3] Iran launched several retaliatory air raids on Iraq, while primarily shelling border cities such as Basra.

The first campaign, initiated by the Iraqi Army, lasted from February 7 to 22, 1984, and was conducted in response to the Iranian refusal to observe a ceasefire.

This campaign attacked many Iranian urban areas in western Iran, including Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan.

The fifth campaign was the most intensive, and was conducted by Iraq once the Iranian front lines showed elements of weakening.