"[3] Witness tampering is a crime even if a proceeding is not actually pending,[3][2] and even if the testimony sought to be influenced, delayed, or prevented would not be admissible in evidence.
[4][5] Notable people in the United States convicted of witness tampering include former South Dakota State Representative Ted Klaudt,[6] political operative Roger Stone,[7] real estate developer Charles Kushner,[8] and Nine Trey Gangsters figure Laron Spicer.
[3] Witness tampering is also a crime under state laws, although the statutory details vary.
[11] In 2016, Jean-Pierre Bemba, a politician from Democratic Republic of the Congo, was convicted of witness tampering in the International Criminal Court.
"[14] Economists Brendan O'Flaherty and Rajiv Sethi created a model of this problem and suggest that in places where witness intimidation is a serious problem, "communities can be trapped in equilibrium with collective silence: no witness testifies because none expects others to testify.