The 10th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army between April 20, 1861, and July 11, 1865, during the American Civil War.

[1] The infantry regiment was organized at Springfield, Illinois, from the first companies reporting on April 20, 1861.

They were ordered to Cairo, Illinois, on April 22 where it became fully organized by an additional three companies, three artillery companies and mustered in for a three-month service by Captain John Pope, United States Army, on April 29, 1861.

They were attached to Prentiss' Brigade and placed on garrison duty at Cairo, Illinois until being mustered out on July 29, 1861.

The regiment suffered 2 officers and 48 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 136 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 186 fatalities.