The regiment, or elements thereof, called up to perform the following state duties: riot control during a coal miners’ strike at Staunton—Jasonville, Indiana, 2–19 August 1922; 1st Battalion called up to perform riot control during labor troubles in Vanderburg and Warwick Counties, 22 February–23 March 1926; riot control during a coal miners’ strike at the Hoosier Mine in Sullivan County, 21–25 July 1931; entire regiment called up to perform riot control during a coal miners’ strike at the Dixie Bee Mine near Terre Haute, Indiana, 2 August–October 1932; riot control during a coal miners’ strike at the Starburn Mine, Sullivan County, 9–23 October 1933; six Indiana National Guard companies for guard and security duties in connection with the visit of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Vincennes, Indiana, 14 June 1936; entire regiment called up to perform flood relief along the Ohio River at Aurora, Indiana, in January–March 1937.

In the South Pacific, the 151st Regiment earned three battle streamers (New Guinea, Leyte and Luzon) helping the 38th Infantry Division win the nickname "Avengers of Bataan.

"[6] Elements of the 151st Regiment served in the Vietnam War; Company D (Ranger), "Delta Company," was the only National Guard infantry unit to serve in Vietnam intact,[7] and earned more medals in 1969 than any other Army infantry company during a 1-year period,[6] and has been credited with reintegrating National Guard units with the United States Army after they were intentionally separated during the Vietnam War.

After the company's arrival, the 199th Infantry Brigade (Light) oversaw its initial administration and support.

[2] Both the 1st Battalion (1-151 IN) and 2nd Battalion (2-151 IN) are elements of the 76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Separate),[10] Elements of the 151st have deployed to Bosnia (NATO SFOR), Iraq Operation Iraqi Freedom and Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom.

During deployment to Afghanistan in 2009-2010, soldiers from Bravo company of 2nd Bn, 151st Inf received both the Meritorious Unit Citation and the Valorous Unit Award while augmenting Task Force Yukon (4th IBCT (Airborne)) from 2009 to early 2010 and attached to Task Force Rakkasan (3d Bde, 101st Airborne Division), as a part of Regional Command East, International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) conducting counterinsurgency operations in Khost province until June 2010.