15th century

The conflicts ended with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century.

[1] This led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, while Johannes Gutenberg's invention of a mechanical movable type began the printing press.

Explorers like Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese traveller, also found a route to reach to India from the African coast.

Under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, the Ming dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle.

In Africa, the spread of Islam led to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century, leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504).

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II , victorious at the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire . Various historians describe it as the end of the Middle Ages .
The Surrender of Granada by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz , 1882: Muhammad XII surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella
Gergio Deluci, Christopher Columbus arrives in the Americas in 1492, 1893 painting.
Portrait of the founder of accounting, Luca Pacioli , by Jacopo de' Barbari ( Museo di Capodimonte ).
The Northern Yuan dynasty and Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century
Joan of Arc , a French peasant girl, directly influenced the result of the Hundred Years' War .
Detail of The Emperor's Approach showing the Xuande Emperor 's royal carriage. Ming dynasty of China.
The seventeen Kuchkabals of Yucatán after The League of Mayapan in 1461.
Political map of Europe in 1470
The renaissance king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary . His mercenary standing army (the Black Army ) had the strongest military potential of its era.
The Siege of Rhodes ( 1480 ). Ships of the Hospitaliers in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background.