William Henry Groom Protectionist Littleton Groom Protectionist A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives electorate of Darling Downs in Queensland on 14 September 1901, a Saturday.

It was triggered by the death of William Henry Groom on 8 August 1901.

It was the first by-election of the Australian parliament since Federation.

Littleton Groom was elected in the by-election, receiving nearly 63 per cent of the vote.

The other candidate in the by-election was Joshua Thomas Bell, a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the electoral district of Dalby.