[1] Despite this absolute single-party dominance, non-partisan tendencies remained strong among wealthy sugar planters in Acadiana, within the business elite of New Orleans,[2] and even amongst the “lily-white” faction of the moribund state GOP that had supported black disenfranchisement in the effort to become respectable amongst the white elite.

[3] Following disfranchisement, the state’s politics became dominated by the Choctaw Club of Louisiana, generally called the “Old Regulars”.

[6] Louisiana was won by Princeton University President Woodrow Wilson (D–Virginia), running with governor of Indiana Thomas R. Marshall, with 76.81% of the popular vote, against the 26th president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt (P–New York), running with governor of California Hiram Johnson, with 11.71% of the popular vote and the five-time candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States Eugene V. Debs (S–Indiana), running with the first Socialist mayor of a major city in the United States Emil Seidel, with 13.33% of the popular vote.

[7] Louisiana was one of the states where the sitting president William Howard Taft came in fourth place.

Debs would take advantage of the growth of the Socialist Party in the hill country and Imperial Calcasieu to gain over twenty percent of the vote in five parishes, with Winn Parish — the home of Louisiana’s future Long dynasty — being his third-best county-equivalent in the nation,[8] although this radical opposition would become mortally weakened almost immediately afterwards by the unresolved conflict between electoral and antipolitical strategies for reform.