[6][9] The earthquake caused extensive damage to critical infrastructures, including houses, public buildings, schools, roads, bridges, as well as irrigation canals and water supplies.

[6] Damage to the Mahendra Highway at several places and disruption to telecommunications hindered access to the hardest hit areas.

Poor sanitation, lack of clean water, and overcrowded shelters contributed to the spread of diseases such as diarrhoea, respiratory infections, and fever.

The study highlights that natural disasters not only affect education but also have a profound negative impact on children's human capital accumulation and health.

In the aftermath, personnel at the British military hospital based at Dharan described their experience of lack of facilities in dealing with mass casualties that was compounded by communication loss.

The effects of these rains were especially challenging in mountainous regions with poor road infrastructure, where helicopters were the only viable option for reaching affected communities.

The Nepalese Red Cross provided essential supplies, including food, clothing, blankets, and utensils, particularly in areas where local government support was insufficient.

[20] The United States was one of the major donors, contributing over $380,000 to supply medical materials, disaster consultants, and plastic sheeting for temporary shelters.

Japan also provided critical support, including around 2,000 blankets, medical supplies, and additional relief items, valued at approximately US$450,000.

Helicopters were in short supply and remained the only reliable means of accessing the most affected areas, slowing the distribution of crucial resources.

Coordination issues also contributed to delays, emphasising the need for robust disaster response frameworks that can aid countries facing challenging conditions.

The destruction of roads and bridges after the earthquake resulted in the inability of relief supplies and personnel to reach the affected areas promptly.